Evolution Korea: What's The Only Thing Nobody Is Discussing
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist tendencies. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is searching for an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced cedon paper making block printing, art styles and a written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state with the monarch and top officials were from the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to join the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male-centric concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families and had to be obeyed and respected by all, including their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of cist graves that were lined with stones, and adorned with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, constructed from huge single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) and was left with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase the way it develops appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system advocate an extensive program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by inflating fears about potential job losses.
Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article assesses the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution: illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies some significant factors that may influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views among this population. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they did not understand it. This level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was focused on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of church leaders, and scientists.
The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it received wide attention.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities.
A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, students were so fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support to put up an on-campus museum featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has an organization of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to children and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, click here as well as other fashion elements imported from overseas. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new development paradigm. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining strategies that have been a part of the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as a successor state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.